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Research

Research is the process of identifying problems or unexplored areas within a topic and systematically collecting, analysing, and interpreting information to answer questions or solve problems. 


Types of Research Design

Type

Purpose

Descriptive

Describe characteristics or functions

Analytical

Analyze and interpret data

Applied

Solve specific practical problems

Fundamental

Gain new knowledge without immediate use

Quantitative

Numerical data and statistical analysis

Qualitative

Non-numerical, opinions, feelings

Conceptual

Develop theories or concepts

Empirical

Based on observations and experiments

One-time

Conducted once

Longitudinal

Over a long period

Clinical

Related to medical research

Diagnostic

Identify reasons for problems


Research Problem

  • A clear, specific issue or challenge that needs investigation or solution.


Research Gap

  • An area not addressed or fully explored in existing research, offering scope for further study.


Hypothesis of the Study

  • A testable statement or assumption about the relationship between two or more variables.


Study Area Justification

  • To explain why the chosen location or group is relevant, feasible, and important for the research objectives.


Population and Sample in Research

  • Population: The entire group of interest or respondents.
  • Sample: A subset of the population selected for the study.


Sampling Technique

Probability Sampling Techniques:

Simple Random Sampling

Everyone has an equal chance.

Systematic Sampling

Fixed interval selection after a random start.

Stratified Sampling

Ensures representation from each group.

Cluster Sampling

Whole groups (clusters) are selected randomly.

Area Sampling

Geographical clusters are sampled.

Multi-stage Sampling

Sampling happens at multiple levels.

Sequential Sampling

Sampling continues until a decision is reached.

Non-Probability Sampling Techniques:

Deliberate/Purposive Sampling

Experts or specific people are purposely chosen.

Quota Sampling

Quota is fixed, but selection is non-random.


Justification for Sample Size


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Types of Data Collection Methods

  • Observation (watching behavior)
  • Personal Interviews (face-to-face)
  • Telephone Interviews (voice calls)
  • Mailing Questionnaires (send and receive)
  • Schedules (structured forms filled by researchers)